what+ought+to+be
41Richard Cumberland (philosopher) — Richard Cumberland, engraving by John Smith after Thomas Murray. Richard Cumberland (July 15, 1631 – October 9, 1718) was an English philosopher, and bishop of Peterborough from 1691. In 1672, he published his major work, De legibus naturae (On… …
42Objectivist theory of value — Note: This is not to be confused with theories of economic value, which seek to explain why things have different market prices. The Objectivist theory of value is the ethical theory of value held by Objectivists, as propounded by the founder of… …
43British moralists of the eighteenth century: Shaftesbury, Butler and Price — David McNaughton In this chapter I discuss the moral theories of three influential writers: Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713); Joseph Butler (1692–1752) and Richard Price (1723–91). All three wrote extensively on issues …
44The Prince — This article is about the book by Niccolò Machiavelli. For other uses, see Prince (disambiguation). The Prince   …
45Conscience — • The individual, as in him customary rules acquire ethical character by the recognition of distinct principles and ideals, all tending to a final unity or goal, which for the mere evolutionist is left very indeterminate, but for the Christian… …
46Trimarco v. Klein — Ct. of App. of N.Y., 56 N.Y.2d 98, 436 N.E.2d 502 (1982) is a 1982 decision by the New York Court of Appeals dealing with the use of custom in determining whether a person acted reasonably given the situation. It is commonly studied in… …
47ECONOMIC HISTORY — This article is arranged according to the following outline: first temple period exile and restoration second temple period talmudic era muslim middle ages medieval christendom economic doctrines early modern period sephardim and ashkenazim… …
48Evil — • In a large sense, described as the sum of the opposition, which experience shows to exist in the universe, to the desires and needs of individuals; whence arises, among humans beings at least, the sufferings in which life abounds Catholic… …
49Christian Law of Divorce in India — The British colonization of India, has had a tremendous impact on the legal system in India. In many respects, English law in letter and spirit came to be applied in India. Even when the law relating to Christian marriage was still in a fluid… …
50Categorical imperative — Part of a series on Immanue …
